The Difference Between Internal Reflux and External Reflux in the Distillation Column

In a distillation column, internal reflux is the downward - flowing liquid from the top, formed by a pump at the bottom drawing overhead liquid and re - injecting it. It can reduce top - column concentration, improve distillation liquid efficiency and product quality, but it increases equipment cost and maintenance expenses, and improper control may cause negative effects. External reflux is the upward - flowing liquid from the bottom, achieved by a separator or level regulator. It can improve separation efficiency and save equipment and maintenance costs, yet it increases the liquid's bubble point, may reduce distillation efficiency, and excessive reflux can cause problems. Both internal and external reflux have pros and cons, and the choice depends on specific operational needs; for demanding distillation, a combination of the two is often used for optimal separation.

Industry Standards for Pressure Vessel Design and Safety

Pressure vessels are governed by multiple standards for pressure vessel design. One of the most widely recognized guidelines is the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)

Catalytic Reforming Process: Key Equipment and Operational Efficiency

Catalytic reforming plays a crucial role in refineries worldwide. This article will delve into its basic process, main equipment, and functions, including hydrogenation reactors, fixed-bed reactors, moving-bed reactors, oil-gas separators, dehydration towers, and stabilization towers.